Association of reviewer experience with discriminating human-written versus ChatGPT-written abstracts.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if reviewer experience impacts the ability to discriminate between human-written and ChatGPT-written abstracts. METHODS: Thirty reviewers (10 seniors, 10 juniors, and 10 residents) were asked to differentiate between 10 ChatGPT-written and 10 human-written (fabricated) abstracts. For the study, 10 gynecologic oncology abstracts were fabricated by the authors. For each human-written abstract we generated a ChatGPT matching abstract by using the same title and the fabricated results of each of the human generated abstracts. A web-based questionnaire was used to gather demographic data and to record the reviewers' evaluation of the 20 abstracts. Comparative statistics and multivariable regression were used to identify factors associated with a higher correct identification rate. RESULTS: The 30 reviewers discriminated 20 abstracts, giving a total of 600 abstract evaluations. The reviewers were able to correctly identify 300/600 (50%) of the abstracts: 139/300 (46.3%) of the ChatGPT-generated abstracts and 161/300 (53.7%) of the human-written abstracts (p=0.07). Human-written abstracts had a higher rate of correct identification (median (IQR) 56.7% (49.2-64.1%) vs 45.0% (43.2-48.3%), p=0.023). Senior reviewers had a higher correct identification rate (60%) than junior reviewers and residents (45% each; p=0.043 and p=0.002, respectively). In a linear regression model including the experience level of the reviewers, familiarity with artificial intelligence (AI) and the country in which the majority of medical training was achieved (English speaking vs non-English speaking), the experience of the reviewer (ß=10.2 (95% CI 1.8 to 18.7)) and familiarity with AI (ß=7.78 (95% CI 0.6 to 15.0)) were independently associated with the correct identification rate (p=0.019 and p=0.035, respectively). In a correlation analysis the number of publications by the reviewer was positively correlated with the correct identification rate (r28)=0.61, p<0.001. CONCLUSION: A total of 46.3% of abstracts written by ChatGPT were detected by reviewers. The correct identification rate increased with reviewer and publication experience.

Patient Location and Disparities in Access to Fertility Preservation for Women With Gynecologic or Breast Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of geographic factors on fertility-sparing treatment or assisted reproductive technology (ART) utilization among women with gynecologic or breast cancers. METHODS: We conducted a cohort study of reproductive-aged patients (18-45 years) with early-stage cervical, endometrial, or ovarian cancer or stage I-III breast cancer diagnosed between January 2000 and December 2015 using linked data from the California Cancer Registry, the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development, and the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology. Generalized linear mixed models were used to evaluate associations between distance from fertility and gynecologic oncology clinics, as well as California Healthy Places Index score (a Census-level composite community health score), and ART or fertility-sparing treatment receipt. RESULTS: We identified 7,612 women with gynecologic cancer and 35,992 women with breast cancer. Among all patients, 257 (0.6%) underwent ART. Among patients with gynecologic cancer, 1,676 (22.0%) underwent fertility-sparing treatment. Stratified by quartiles, residents who lived at increasing distances from gynecologic oncology or fertility clinics had decreased odds of undergoing fertility-sparing treatment (gynecologic oncology clinics: Q2, odds ratio [OR] 0.76, 95% CI, 0.63-0.93, P=.007; Q4, OR 0.72, 95% CI, 0.56-0.94, P=.016) (fertility clinics: Q3, OR 0.79, 95% CI, 0.65-0.97, P=.025; Q4, OR 0.67, 95% CI, 0.52-0.88, P=.004), whereas this relationship was not observed among women who resided within other quartiles (gynecologic oncology clinics: Q3, OR 0.81 95% CI, 0.65-1.01, P=.07; fertility clinics: Q2, OR 0.87 95% CI, 0.73-1.05, P=.15). Individuals who lived in communities with the highest (51st-100th percentile) California Healthy Places Index scores had greater odds of undergoing fertility-sparing treatment (OR 1.29, 95% CI, 1.06-1.57, P=.01; OR 1.66, 95% CI, 1.35-2.04, P=.001, respectively). The relationship between California Healthy Places Index scores and ART was even more pronounced (Q2 OR 1.9, 95% CI, 0.99-3.64, P=.05; Q3 OR 2.86, 95% CI, 1.54-5.33, P<.001; Q4 OR 3.41, 95% CI, 1.83-6.35, P<.001). CONCLUSION: Geographic disparities affect fertility-sparing treatment and ART rates among women with gynecologic or breast cancer. By acknowledging geographic factors, health care systems can ensure equitable access to fertility-preservation services.

De-escalation of surgical radicality for non-fertility preserving management in patients with early-stage cervical cancer: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate the oncologic outcomes of simple hysterectomy in patients with low-risk early-stage cervical cancer (tumors ≤2 cm with limited stromal invasion). METHODS: This study was registered in PROSPERO (registration number CRD42023433840) following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) checklist. MEDLINE (through Ovid), EmMBASEbase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from inception until June 2023. Randomized controlled trials and observational studies with two arms of comparison (simple hysterectomy with lymph node assessment vs radical hysterectomy with lymph node assessment) in patients with low-risk early-stage cervical cancer were considered. RESULTS: The search identified 1270 articles; eighteen studies were considered potentially eligible after removing duplicates, and four met the selection criteria. Three studies were randomized controlled trials, and the other was a retrospective cohort study. In total, 981 patients were included. There were 485 (49.4%) and 496 (50.6%) patients in the simple hysterectomy and radical hysterectomy groups, respectively. Simple hysterectomy with lymph node assessment was not associated with a higher risk of death at 5 years (RR 0.98, 95% CI: 0.31 to 3.10; I2=0%, two randomized controlled trials, 141 patients, for an absolute risk reduction of zero percentage points [95% CI -9.0 to 9.0]), pelvic recurrence at 3 years (97.5% and 97.8% for simple hysterectomy and radical hysterectomy, respectively, p=0.79), and overall recurrence at 3 years (95 %% and 100% for simple hysterectomy and radical hysterectomy, respectively, p=0.30). CONCLUSION: Simple hysterectomy with lymph node evaluation for low-risk early-stage cervical cancer is not associated with a detrimental effect on oncologic outcomes and has a better morbidity profile.

Recurrence After Biopsy-Confirmed Cervical High-Grade Intraepithelial Lesion Followed by Negative Conization: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

ABSTRACT: The aim of the study is to assess the recurrence rate (as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2+ [CIN2+]) in patients who had a confirmed high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (CIN2-3) in a cervical biopsy specimen followed by a negative conization specimen. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic literature review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist. Ovid/MEDLINE, Ovid/Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched from inception until January 2023. The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO (ID number CRD42023393951). The search identified 3,089 articles; 1,530 were removed as duplicates, and 1,559 titles and abstracts were assessed for inclusion. The full text of 26 studies was assessed for eligibility, and finally, 12 studies with 1,036 patients were included. All included studies were retrospective cohort studies. A proportion meta-analysis was performed. RESULTS: For patients with negative conization specimens, the recurrence rate as CIN2+ during follow-up was 6% (95% CI, 1.8%-12.1%; I2 = 49.2; p < .0001, 215 patients and 4 studies) in the proportion meta-analysis, ranging from 0.3% to 13.0% for the individual studies. For patients with ≤CIN1 conization specimens, the recurrence rate as CIN2+ during follow-up was 3.6% (95% CI, 1.2%-7%; I2 = 75.1; p < .0001, 991 patients and 10 studies) in the proportion meta-analysis and ranged from 0.6% to 13.0% for the individual studies. CONCLUSIONS: The recurrence rate as CIN2+ for patients with a confirmed high-grade intraepithelial lesion on a cervical biopsy followed by a negative conization specimen is 6%. In patients with negative and CIN1 conization specimens, the recurrence rate is 3.6%.

Sentinel lymph node assessment in patients with atypical endometrial hyperplasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the rate of sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastases in patients with a pre-operative diagnosis of atypical hyperplasia/endometrial intra-epithelial neoplasia and endometrial cancer in hysterectomy specimens. METHODS: A systematic literature review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist and the protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023416769). MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Scopus databases were searched from inception until April 2023. The inclusion criteria were patients with a pre-operative diagnosis of atypical hyperplasia/endometrial intra-epithelial neoplasia undergoing hysterectomy who did or did not undergo SLN assessment. RESULTS: Four studies met the inclusion criteria. All studies were non-randomized studies with a total of 10 217 patients, 1044 in the SLN group and 9173 in the non-nodal assessment group. The unilateral and bilateral detection rate was 89% (I2=27.6%, 2 studies, 342 participants, 304 events) and 79% (I2=89.2%, 2 studies, 342 participants, 271 events), respectively. The rate of involved SLNs was 1.6% (I2=0%, 3 studies, 424 participants, 7 involved SLN) and 3.5% (I2=0%, 3 studies, 197 participants, 7 involved SLN) in patients with a pre-operative diagnosis of atypical hyperplasia/endometrial intra-epithelial neoplasia as the denominator and in those with endometrial cancer in the hysterectomy specimen, respectively. The cancer rate in the hysterectomy specimen was 45% (I2=72.8%, 3 studies, 503 participants, 224 events) and the most frequent endometrial cancer International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2009 stage was IA in 199 (89.2%) patients. The complication rate was similar between the groups. CONCLUSION: The rate of SLN metastases in patients with pre-operative atypical hyperplasia/endometrial intra-epithelial neoplasia is less than 2%, suggesting that routine SLN evaluation may not be necessary in this population.

Uterine collision tumor. Case report and review of the literature / Tumor de colisión de útero. Reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura

Objectives: To report the case of a patient with a uterine collision tumor and to conduct a review of the literature. Material and methods: A 76-year-old patient who presented to the national cancer referral center in Bogota (Colombia), where she was diagnosed with a uterine collision tumor consisting of a seroustype endometrial adenocarcinoma and a cervical adenosarcoma. The patient underwent surgical treatment followed by chemotherapy and supplemental radiotherapy, and died 16 months later. A search was conducted in the Medline via PubMed and Embase databases, including reports and case series of women with a diagnosis of uterine collision tumor, with retrieval of information regarding diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. A narrative summary of the findings was made. Results: The search identified 36 titles, of which 14 studies with 17 patients were included. The most frequent histopathological diagnosis was endometrial adenocarcinoma and high and low grade endometrial sarcoma (47 %). Primary treatment was surgery and adjuvant treatment with chemotherapy and radiotherapy (15 %) was performed in close to 50 % of cases. One-year survival was 75 %. Conclusions: No cases of uterine collision tumors with the histopathology or in the location of the reported case were found in the literature. If this reported case is taken into account, 2-year mortality is 28 %. Further studies to describe the immunohistochemistry, treatment and prognosis of this condition are needed.

Objetivos: reportar el caso de una paciente con tumor de colisión del útero y realizar una revisión de la literatura respecto al diagnóstico histopatológico, tratamiento y pronóstico de esta condición. Materiales y métodos: mujer de 76 años que consultó al centro nacional de referencia del cáncer en Bogotá (Colombia), donde se hizo el diagnóstico de tumor de colisión del útero, compuesto por un adenocarcinoma de endometrio tipo seroso y adenosarcoma de cérvix. Recibió tratamiento quirúrgico más quimioterapia y radioterapia complementaria, falleció a los 16 meses. Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura en las bases de datos Medline vía PubMed y Embase, que incluía reportes y series de caso de mujeres con diagnóstico de tumor de colisión del útero, y se extrajo información sobre el diagnóstico, tratamiento y pronóstico. Se realizó un resumen narrativo de los hallazgos. Resultados: la búsqueda identificó 36 títulos, de los cuales se incluyeron 14 estudios que incluían 17 pacientes. El diagnóstico histopatológico más frecuente fue el adenocarcinoma endometrioide de endometrio y sarcoma endometrial de alto y bajo grado (47 %). El tratamiento básico fue quirúrgico. Cerca del 50 % recibió tratamiento adyuvante con quimioterapia y radioterapia (15 %). La sobrevida a 1 año fue del 75 %. Conclusiones: en la literatura no se identificaron casos de tumores de colisión de útero con la histopatología y en la ubicación del caso presentado. La mortalidad a dos años es cercana al 28 % si se toma en cuenta el caso reportado. Se necesitan más estudios que describan la inmunohistoquímica, el tratamiento y el pronóstico de esta condición.

Complications of HIPEC for ovarian cancer surgery: evaluation over two time periods.

OBJECTIVE: Cytoreductive surgery in conjunction with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is being explored in the upfront, interval, and recurrent setting in patients with ovarian cancer. The objective of this systematic review was to assess the rate of complications associated with HIPEC in epithelial ovarian cancer surgery over two time periods. METHODS: This study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022328928). A systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist. Ovid/Medline, Ovid/Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from January 2004 to April 2022. We included studies reporting on patients with advanced primary or recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer who underwent cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC. We evaluated two different time periods: 2004-2013 and 2014-2022. A random-effects meta-analysis was used to produce an overall summary. Subgroup analyses were planned according to recruited period for each specific complication type. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic. RESULTS: A total of 4928 patients were included from 69 studies for this systematic review; 19 published from 2004-2013, and 50 published from 2014-2022. No significant differences were found between the two time periods in terms of blood transfusions (33% vs 51%; p=0.46; I2=95%) overall gastrointestinal complications (15% vs 21%; p=0.36; I2=98%), infectious diseases (16% vs 13%; p=0.62; I2=93%), overall respiratory complications (12% vs 12%; p=0.88; I2=91%), overall urinary complications (6% vs 12%; p=0.06; I2=94%), or thromboembolic events (5% vs 3%; p=0.25; I2=63%). Also, no differences were found in intensive care unit (ICU) admissions (89% vs 28%; p=0.06; I2=99%), reoperations (8% vs 7%; p=0.50; I2=37%), or deaths (3% vs 3%; p=0.77; I2=57%). CONCLUSIONS: Our review showed that overall complications have not changed over time for patients undergoing HIPEC in the setting of primary or recurrent ovarian cancer. There was no decrease in the rates of ICU admissions, reoperations, or deaths.

Diagnostic accuracy of sentinel lymph node frozen section analysis in patients with early-stage cervical cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of intraoperative SLN frozen section analysis compared with ultrastaging in patients with early-stage cervical cancer. METHODS: A systematic literature review was conducted following the PRISMA checklist. MEDLINE (via Ovid), Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from inception until February 2023. The inclusion criteria were patients with early-stage cervical cancer (2018 FIGO stage I-II), consisting of the histological subtype squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, or adenosquamous carcinoma (≥90% of the patients in each study), who underwent SLN detection (with any tracer) and intraoperative frozen section followed by SLN ultrastaging. Randomized controlled trials, prospective and retrospective observational studies were considered. The detection rates and measures of diagnostic accuracy were pooled using a random effects univariate model. A preplanned subgroup meta-analysis was conducted, with isolated tumor cells excluded as positive lymph nodes. The review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023397147). RESULTS: The search identified 190 articles, with 153 studies considered potentially eligible after removing duplicates. Fourteen studies met the selection criteria, including a total of 1720 patients. Seven studies were retrospective, and the other seven were prospective. Frozen section analysis detected 159 of 292 (54.5%) patients with lymph node metastases. In 281 patients the type of volume metastasis was reported: 1 of 41 (2.4%) patients had isolated tumor cells, 21 of 78 (26.9%) patients had micrometastases, and 133 of 162 (82.1%) patients had macrometastases. The pooled sensitivity of intraoperative SLN frozen section analysis was 65% (95% CI, 51-77%) for macrometastases, micrometastases, and isolated tumor cells. When we excluded patients with isolated tumor cells, the pooled sensitivity increased to 72% (95% CI, 60-82%). CONCLUSION: SLN frozen section detects 65% of lymph node metastases compared with SLN ultrastaging and may prevent unnecessary radical surgery in some patients with early-stage cervical cancer.

Tumor de colisión de útero. Reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura / Uterine collision tumor. Case report and review of he literature

Objetivos: Reportar el caso de una paciente con tumor de colisión del útero y realizar una revisión de la literatura respecto al diagnóstico histopatológico, tratamiento y pronóstico de esta condición. Materiales y métodos: Mujer de 76 años que consultó al centro nacional de referencia del cáncer en Bogotá (Colombia), donde se hizo el diagnóstico de tumor de colisión del útero, compuesto por un adenocarcinoma de endometrio tipo seroso y adenosarcoma de cérvix. Recibió tratamiento quirúrgico más quimioterapia y radioterapia complementaria, falleció a los 16 meses. Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura en las bases de datos Medline vía PubMed y Embase, que incluía reportes y series de caso de mujeres con diagnóstico de tumor de colisión del útero, y se extrajo información sobre el diagnóstico, tratamiento y pronóstico. Se realizó un resumen narrativo de los hallazgos. Resultados: La búsqueda identificó 36 títulos, de los cuales se incluyeron 14 estudios que incluían 17 pacientes. El diagnóstico histopatológico más frecuente fue el adenocarcinoma endometrioide de endometrio y sarcoma endometrial de alto y bajo grado (47 %). El tratamiento básico fue quirúrgico. Cerca del 50 % recibió tratamiento adyuvante con quimioterapia y radioterapia (15 %). La sobrevida a un año fue del 75 %. Conclusiones: En la literatura no se identificaron casos de tumores de colisión de útero con la histopatología y en la ubicación del caso presentado. La mortalidad a dos años es cercana al 28 % si se toma en cuenta el caso reportado. Se necesitan más estudios que describan la inmunohistoquímica, el tratamiento y el pronóstico de esta condición.

Objectives: To report the case of a patient with a uterine collision tumor and to conduct a review of the literature. Material and methods: A 76-year-old patient who presented to the national cancer referral center in Bogota (Colombia), where she was diagnosed with a uterine collision tumor consisting of a serous-type endometrial adenocarcinoma and a cervical adenosarcoma. The patient underwent surgical treatment followed by chemotherapy and supplemental radiotherapy, and died 16 months later. A search was conducted in the Medline via PubMed and Embase databases, including reports and case series of women with a diagnosis of uterine collision tumor, with retrieval of information regarding diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. A narrative summary of the findings was made. Results: The search identified 36 titles, of which 14 studies with 17 patients were included. The most frequent histopathological diagnosis was endometrial adenocarcinoma and high and low grade endometrial sarcoma (47 %). Primary treatment was surgery and adjuvant treatment with chemotherapy and radiotherapy (15 %) was performed in close to 50 % of cases. One-year survival was 75 %. Conclusions: No cases of uterine collision tumors with the histopathology or in the location of the reported case were found in the literature. If this reported case is taken into account, 2-year mortality is 28 %. Further studies to describe the immunohistochemistry, treatment and prognosis of this condition are needed.

Survival after sentinel node biopsy alone in early-stage cervical cancer: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the oncologic outcomes of sentinel lymph node biopsy alone as part of surgical management in patients with early-stage cervical cancer. METHODS: A systematic search of the literature was performed following the PRISMA checklist. MEDLINE (through PubMed), EMBASE, and Scopus databases were searched from June 1991 to May 2023. Studies of women with early-stage cervical cancer International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) 2009 stage IA-IIA, of any age or histology, and articles only in English language were included. After the removal of duplicates, only articles including sentinel node mapping alone compared with full pelvic lymphadenectomy were retained. RESULTS: Four studies with a total of 2226 patients were included. Among these, 354 (15.9%) underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy alone. A total of 2210 (99.2%) patients had FIGO 2009 stage I disease and 1514 (68%) patients had squamous cell carcinoma. Median body mass index was 25.5 kg/m2 (range 23.5-27). Lymph vascular space invasion was present in 633 patients (34%) who underwent full lymphadenectomy and in 78 patients (22%) who underwent sentinel node biopsy alone. The results of the survival analysis showed that there was no significant difference in the 3-year progression-free survival rates of patients who underwent either sentinel biopsy alone or lymphadenectomy. Three-year recurrence-free survival was 93.1% (95% CI 28.3% to 64.7%) for patients who underwent sentinel node biopsy alone and 92.5% (95% CI 39.0% to 53.4%) for patients who underwent sentinel node biopsy and lymphadenectomy (p=0.773). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with early-stage cervical cancer, performing sentinel lymph node biopsy alone compared with pelvic lymphadenectomy does not appear to independently confer a higher risk or recurrence.

Sentinel lymph node detection in early-stage ovarian cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: A systematic pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy remains the surgical standard management of early-stage epithelial ovarian cancer. Sentinel lymph node mapping is being investigated as an alternative procedure; however, data reporting sentinel lymph node performance are heterogeneous and limited. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the detection rate and diagnostic accuracy of sentinel lymph node mapping in patients with early-stage ovarian cancer. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted in Medline (through PubMed), Embase, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library. We included patients with clinical stage I-II ovarian cancer undergoing a sentinel lymph node biopsy and a pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy as a reference standard. We conducted a meta-analysis for the detection rates and measures of diagnostic accuracy and assessed the risk of bias using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 tool. The study was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) with identifying number CRD42022351497. RESULTS: After duplicate removal, we identified 540 studies, 18 were assessed for eligibility, and nine studies including 113 patients were analyzed. The pooled detection rates were 93.3% per patient (95% CI 77.8% to 100%; I2=74.3%, p<0.0001), and the sentinel lymph node technique correctly identified 11 of 12 patients with lymph node metastases, with a negative predictive value per patient of 100% (95% CI 97.6% to 100%; I2=0%). The combination of indocyanine green and 99mTc-albumin nanocolloid had the best detection rate (100% (95% CI 94% to 100%; I2=0%)) when injected into the utero-ovarian and infundibulo-pelvic ligaments. CONCLUSION: Sentinel lymph node biopsy in early-stage ovarian cancer showed a high detection rate and negative predictive value. The utero-ovarian and infundibulo-pelvic injection using the indocyanine green and technetium-99 combination could increase sentinel lymph node detection rates. However, given the limited quality of evidence and the small number of reports, results from ongoing trials are awaited before its implementation in routine clinical practice.

Definitive pelvic radiotherapy for patients with newly diagnosed stage IVB cervical cancer: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this systematic review was to assess the oncologic outcomes of patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) 2018 stage IVB cervical cancer receiving definitive pelvic radiotherapy compared with systemic chemotherapy (with or without palliative pelvic radiotherapy). METHODS: This study was registered in PROSPERO (registration number CRD42022333433). A systematic literature review was conducted following the MOOSE checklist. MEDLINE (through Ovid), Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from inception until August 2022. The inclusion criteria were patients with metastatic FIGO 2018 stage IVB cervical cancer, a histologic subtype of squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, or adenosquamous carcinoma that received definitive pelvic radiotherapy (≥45 Gy) as part of management compared with systemic chemotherapy with or without palliative (30 Gy) pelvic radiotherapy. Randomized controlled trials and observational studies with two arms of comparison were considered. RESULTS: The search identified 4653 articles; 26 studies were considered potentially eligible after removing duplicates, and 8 met the selection criteria. In total, 2424 patients were included. There were 1357 and 1067 patients in the definitive radiotherapy and chemotherapy groups, respectively. All included studies were retrospective cohort studies, and two were database population studies. The median overall survival reported in seven studies for the definitive radiotherapy arm versus systemic chemotherapy groups were 63.7 months versus 18.4 months (p<0.01), 14 months versus 16 months (p value not reported), 17.6 months versus 10.6 months (p<0.01), 32 months versus 24 months (p<0.01), 17.3 months versus 10 months (p<0.01), and 41.6 months versus 17.6 months (p<0.01), and not reached versus 19 months (p=0.13) respectively, favoring the groups that received definitive pelvic radiotherapy. The high clinical heterogeneity precluded the performance of meta-analysis, and all studies were at serious risk of bias. CONCLUSIONS: Definitive pelvic radiotherapy as part of treatment in patients with stage IVB cervical cancer may improve oncologic outcomes compared with systemic chemotherapy (with or without palliative radiotherapy); however, this is based on low-quality data. Prospective evaluation would be ideal before the adoption of this intervention in standard clinical practice.

Updates on cervical cancer prevention.

In 2020, approximately 604 127 patients were newly diagnosed with cervical cancer and 341 831 died of the disease worldwide. Unfortunately, 85-90% of new cases and deaths occur in less developed countries. It is well known that persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the main risk factor for developing the disease. There are more than 200 HPV genotypes identified, but the most important in public health are the high-risk HPV genotypes including HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, and 59 due to their strong association with cervical cancer. Among these, genotypes 16 and 18 are responsible for about 70% of cervical cancer cases worldwide. Implementing systematic cytology-based screening, HPV screening, and HPV vaccination programs have successfully decreased the cervical cancer burden, particularly in developed countries. Although the etiological agent has been identified, we have seen the impact of well-conducted screening programs in developed countries, and we have available vaccines, the fight against this preventable disease has shown poor results globally. In November 2020 the World Health Organization launched its strategy to eliminate cervical cancer from the earth by 2130 (the goal is to achieve a global incidence lower than 4 per 100 000 women/year). The strategy aims to vaccinate 90% of girls before 15 years of age, to screen with a highly sensitive test (HPV-based) 70% of women at 35 and 45 years of age, and to provide proper treatment by trained personnel to 90% of women diagnosed with either cervical dysplasia or invasive cervical cancer. The objective of this review is to update the state of the art on primary and secondary prevention of cervical cancer.

Preoperative brachytherapy for early-stage cervical cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the rate of pathological response rate, and the oncological outcomes of preoperative brachytherapy (PBT) in early-stage cervical cancer. METHODS: A systematic literature review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement. MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Scopus databases were searched from inception until April 2022. Only English and French articles were included. Studies containing data about pathology response or oncological outcomes among patients who received PBT as compared to those who underwent up-front surgery in early-stage cervical cancer were included. This study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022319036). RESULTS: Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria, 3 randomized controlled trials (RCT), and 10 non-randomized studies (NRS). The 5-year survival was significantly higher in the PBT group compared with the up-front surgery group (OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.11-2.84, I2 = 0%) in the NRS. Recurrence rate was significantly lower in the PBT group compared with in up-front surgery group in the analysis of the RCT but not in NRS, (OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.13-0.91, I2 not applicable) and (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.26-1.95, I2 = 51%) respectively. PBT was associated with a statistically significant lower rate of positive margins (OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.09-0.89; I2 = 42%) in the RCT and with a significantly higher rate of complete pathology response (CPR) in the RCT analysis (OR 2.55, 95% CI 1.11-5.85, I2 = 0%) and in the NRS (OR 9.64, 95% CI 1.88-49.48, I2 = 76%) compared with the up-front surgery group. CONCLUSION: Preoperative brachytherapy in patients with early-stage cervical cancer could improve pathologic and oncologic outcomes, but it should be assessed in high-quality randomized controlled trials before its implementation in clinical practice.

Tumor de células epitelioides perivasculares (PEComa) uterino en una paciente pediátrica: reporte de caso / Uterine perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComa) in a pediatric patient: case report

El PEComa es un tumor de células epitelioides, perivascular, de origen mesenquimatoso. Estos tumores corresponden a un grupo raro de neoplasias. Hay cerca de 100 casos reportados de los que solo el 30% son de origen ginecológico y el cuerpo uterino es el sitio más frecuente. Debido a su baja frecuencia de aparición no hay una conducta médica y tratamiento establecidos, por lo cual es un reto el manejo de esta entidad. La presentación en población pediátrica es extremadamente rara, con datos limitados de su frecuencia de presentación en este grupo etario. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 13 años que consultó por dolor pélvico; se realizaron imágenes diagnósticas que documentaron una masa paraanexial derecha sólida; es llevada a cirugía obteniendo como hallazgo un tumor dependiente del cuerpo uterino cuya histología correspondía a un PEComa con características de comportamiento maligno

PEComa is a perivascular epithelioid cell tumor of mesenchymal origin. These tumors correspond to a rare group of neoplasms. About 100 cases have been reported, of which only 30% are of gynecological origin, and the uterine body is the most frequent site. Due to its low frequency of appearance, there is no established medical conduct and treatment, which is why the management of this entity is a challenge. Presentation in the pediatric population is extremely rare, with limited data on its frequency in this age group. We present the case of a 13-year-old patient who consulted for pelvic pain. Diagnostic images were performed that documented a solid right para-adnexal mass. She was taken to surgery, which evidenced a tumor dependent on the uterine body with histology corresponding to a PEComa with characteristics of malignant behavior

Adjuvant treatment after radical surgery for cervical cancer with intermediate risk factors: is it time for an update?

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide. The preferred treatment for early stage cervical cancer is radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymph node assessment, and adjuvant therapy is suggested according to histopathological risk factors. A landmark study was published in 1999 that established 'intermediate risk' criteria for relapse, showing a benefit in recurrence free rate in patients that received pelvic radiotherapy. Furthermore, in the presence of parametrial, nodal, or vaginal margin involvement, another key study found that the addition of concurrent cisplatin based chemotherapy to radiation therapy improved progression free and overall survival for 'high risk' early cervical cancer. With the advancement in treatment modalities in surgery and radiotherapy, and the improved identification of prognostic histopathological factors, several authors have reconsidered the role of adjuvant therapy after radical hysterectomy in the presence of intermediate risk criteria. Here we review the literature on the evolution of adjuvant therapy for intermediate risk factors.

Peritoneal carcinomatosis after minimally invasive surgery versus open radical hysterectomy: systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the incidence of peritoneal carcinomatosis in patients undergoing minimally invasive or open radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer. METHODS: The MEDLINE (accessed through Ovid), Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Clinical Trials, and Scopus databases were searched for articles published from inception up to April 2022. Articles published in English were considered. The included studies reported on patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) 2009 stage IA-IIA squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and/or adenosquamous carcinoma of the cervix who underwent primary surgery. Studies had to report at least one case of peritoneal carcinomatosis as a recurrence pattern, and only studies comparing recurrence after minimally invasive surgery versus open surgery were considered. Variables of interest were manually extracted into a standardized electronic database. This study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022325068). RESULTS: The initial search identified 518 articles. After the removal of the duplicate entries from the initial search, two authors independently reviewed the titles and abstracts of the remaining 453 articles. Finally, 78 articles were selected for full-text evaluation; 22 articles (a total of 7626 patients) were included in the analysis-one randomized controlled trial and 21 observational retrospective studies. The most common histology was squamous cell carcinoma in 60.9%, and the tumor size was <4 cm in 92.8% of patients. Peritoneal carcinomatosis pattern represented 22.2% of recurrences in the minimally invasive surgery approach versus 8.8% in open surgery, accounting for 15.5% of all recurrences. The meta-analysis of observational studies revealed a statistically significant higher risk of peritoneal carcinomatosis after minimally invasive surgery (OR 1.90, 95% CI 1.32 to 2.74, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Minimally invasive surgery is associated with a statistically significant higher risk of peritoneal carcinomatosis after radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer compared with open surgery.